Flower-Visiting Insects
of White Sweet Clover

Melilotus alba (White Sweet Clover) introduced
(Bees suck nectar primarily, otherwise they collect pollen; flies and beetles suck nectar primarily, otherwise they feed on pollen; other insects suck nectar. Observations are from Robertson, Reed, Graenicher, Grundel & Pavlovic, Krombein et al., Swengel & Swengel, Mawdsley, Williams, Voss, Stevens, O'Brien, and Rightmyer as indicated below.)

Bees (long-tongued)
Apidae (Apini): Apis mellifera sn fq (Rb, Re); Apidae (Bombini): Bombus affinis (Re), Bombus auricomus sn (Rb), Bombus bimaculatus (Re), Bombus fervidus (Re), Bombus fraternus sn (Rb), Bombus griseocollis sn fq (Rb), Bombus impatiens (Re), Bombus pensylvanicus sn fq (Rb, Re), Bombus ternarius (Re), Bombus vagans (Re), Psithyrus variabilis sn (Rb); Anthophoridae (Anthophorini): Anthophora abrupta sn (Rb); Anthophoridae (Ceratinini): Ceratina dupla dupla sn cp (Rb); Anthophoridae (Epeolini): Epeolus bifasciatus sn fq (Rb), Triepeolus martini sn (Rtm), Triepeolus remigatus sn (Rtm), Triepeolus subnitens sn (Rtm); Anthophoridae (Eucerini): Synhalonia speciosa sn (Rb); Anthophoridae (Nomadini): Nomada affabilis sn (Rb), Nomada articulata sn (Rb), Nomada superba superba sn fq (Rb); Anthophoridae (Xylocopini): Xylocopa virginica sn (Rb); Megachilidae (Coelioxini): Coelioxys octodentata sn fq (Rb), Coelioxys rufitarsis rufitarsis sn (Rb), Coelioxys sayi sn (Rb); Megachilidae (Megachilini): Megachile brevis brevis sn cp fq (Rb, Re), Megachile centuncularis (Stv), Megachile latimanus sn (Rb, Stv), Megachile parallela parallela sn (Rb), Megachile petulans sn (Rb); Megachilidae (Osmiini): Hoplitis pilosifrons sn cp (Rb); Megachilidae (Trypetini): Heriades carinata (Kr), Heriades leavitti sn (Rb), Heriades variolosus variolosus (Kr)

Bees (short-tongued)
Halictidae (Halictinae): Agapostemon sericeus sn (Rb), Agapostemon virescens sn (Rb), Augochlorella aurata sn (Rb), Halictus confusus sn (Rb), Halictus ligatus sn cp (Rb), Halictus parallelus sn (Rb), Halictus rubicundus sn cp (Rb), Lasioglossum albipenne sn cp (Rb), Lasioglossum cinctipes sn cp (Rb), Lasioglossum lineatulum (Re), Lasioglossum pectorale sn (Rb), Lasioglossum pilosum pilosum sn (Rb, Re), Lasioglossum pruinosum sn (Rb), Lasioglossum versatum sn cp (Rb); Halictidae (Nomiinae): Nomia nortoni (Rb); Halictidae (Sphecodini): Sphecodes cressonii sn (Rb); Sphecodes dichrous sn fq (Rb); Colletidae (Colletinae): Colletes brevicornis (Kr), Colletes eulophi sn fq (Rb), Colletes kincaidii (Re, Kr), Colletes latitarsis sn (Rb, Kr), Colletes mandibularis (Kr), Colletes mitchelli (Kr), Colletes nudus (Kr), Colletes willistoni sn (Rb, Kr); Colletidae (Hylaeinae): Hylaeus mesillae (Kr); Andrenidae (Andreninae): Andrena alleghaniensis (Kr), Andrena forbesii (Kr), Andrena hippotes (Kr), Andrena integra (Kr), Andrena miranda (Kr), Andrena nigrifrons (Kr), Andrena sigmundi (Kr), Andrena spiraeana (Kr), Andrena virginiana (Kr), Andrena wilmattae (Kr); Andrenidae (Panurginae): Calliopsis andreniformis sn cp (Rb); Melittidae: Macropis steironematis sn fq (Rb)

Wasps
Sphecidae (Bembicinae): Bembix nubilipennis (Rb), Bicyrtes ventralis (Rb), Stizoides renicinctus fq (Rb); Sphecidae (Craboninae): Lestica confluenta fq (Rb), Oxybelus emarginatus (Rb); Sphecidae (Larrinae): Tachytes distinctus (Rb); Sphecidae (Philanthinae): Cerceris sp. (Re), Cerceris bicornuta (Rb), Cerceris clypeata (Rb), Cerceris compacta (Rb), Cerceris finitima, Cerceris prominens (Rb), Philanthus ventilabris (Rb); Sphecidae (Sphecinae): Ammophila kennedyi (Rb, OB), Ammophila nigricans (Rb), Ammophila pictipennis fq (Rb), Ammophila procera (Rb), Ammophila urnaria (OB), Isodontia apicalis (Rb), Isodontia auripes (OB), Isodontia mexicana (OB), Isodontia philadelphica (Rb), Podalonia luctuosa (OB), Prionyx atratus (Rb), Prionyx thomae (Rb), Sceliphron caementarium (Rb), Sphex ichneumoneus (Rb, OB), Sphex pensylvanicus (Rb, OB); Tiphiidae: Myzinum quinquecinctum (Rb, Re), Tiphia vulgaris (Rb); Pompilidae: Anoplius americanus (Rb), Anoplius atrox (Rb), Anoplius illinoensis (Rb), Anoplius marginatus (Rb), Anoplius nigritus (Rb), Ceropales bipunctata fq (Rb), Ceropales elegans (Rb), Ceropales fulvipes (Rb), Entypus fulvicornis (Rb), Episyron biguttatus (Rb), Poecilopompilus algidus (Rb), Poecilopompilus interrupta (Rb); Vespidae: Polistes carolinus fq (Rb), Polistes dorsalis fq (Rb), Polistes fuscatus (Rb, Re); Vespidae (Eumeninae): Ancistrocerus adiabatus (Rb), Eumenes fraternus (Rb), Eumenes smithii (Rb), Euodynerus annulatus (Rb), Euodynerus foraminatus fq (Rb), Euodynerus megaera (Rb), Leionotus ziziae (Rb, MS), Monobia quadridens (Rb), Parancistrocerus fulvipes (Rb), Stenodynerus ammonia (Rb), Stenodynerus anormis fq (Rb), Stenodynerus histrionalis (Rb)

Flies
Tabanidae: Chrysops striatus (Rb); Stratiomyidae: Stratiomys meigenii (Rb); Syrphidae: Allograpta obliqua (Rb), Eristalinus aeneus fq (Rb), Eristalis stipator (Rb), Eupeodes americanus (Rb), Helophilus latifrons (Rb), Platycheirus quadratus (Rb), Sphaerophoria contiqua (Rb), Syritta pipiens (Rb), Toxomerus marginatus (Re); Empididae: Empis clausa (Rb); Bombyliidae: Systoechus vulgaris (Gr); Conopidae: Physocephala texana (Rb), Physoconops brachyrhynchus fq (Rb), Stylogaster biannulata (Rb), Thecophora occidensis (Rb), Zodion americanum (Rb); Tachinidae: Archytas analis (Rb), Archytas aterrima (Rb), Belvosia bifasciata (Rb), Chetogena claripennis (Rb), Copecrypta ruficauda (Rb), Cylindromyia fumipennis fq (Rb), Gymnoclytia occidua (Rb), Linnaemya comta fq (Rb), Ptilodexia incerta (Re), Spallanzania hesperidarum (Rb), Winthemia quadripustulata (Rb); Sarcophagidae: Amobia aurifrons (Rb), Amobia floridensis (Rb), Helicobia rapax (Rb), Ravinia anxia (Rb), Senotainia rubriventris (Rb); Calliphoridae: Phormia regina (Rb); Muscidae: Morellia micans (Rb), Neomyia cornicina (Rb); Anthomyiidae: Hylemya sp. (Re)

Butterflies
Nymphalidae: Cercyonis pegala (V), Danaus plexippus (Rb), Vanessa atalanta (Rb), Vanessa virginiensis (Rb); Lycaenidae: Celastrina argiolus (Rb), Lycaeides melissa samuelis fq (GP, Sw), Lycaena hyllus (Rb), Lycaena phlaeas americana fq (V), Satyrium titus (Rb), Strymon melinus (Rb); Papilionidae: Papilio glaucus (V), Papilio marcellus (Rb), Papilio polyxenes asterias (Rb); Pieridae: Colias sp. (Re), Phoebis sennae (Rb), Pieris napi (V), Pontia protodice (Rb)

Skippers
Hesperiidae: Epargyreus clarus (Rb), Polites themistocles (Rb)

Moths
Sesiidae: Carmenta bassiformis (Rb)

Beetles
Cantharidae: Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (Wms); Cerambycidae: Typocerus sinuatus (Rb); Cleridae: Trichodes nuttalli (Mwd); Curculionidae: Centrinaspis picumna (Rb), Odontocorynus scutellum-album fq (Rb); Mordellidae: Mordella marginata (Rb); Scarabaeidae: Trichiotinus piger (Rb)

Plant Bugs
Lygaeidae: Lygaeus turcicus (Rb); Pentatomidae: Podisus maculiventris (Rb)

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