Flower-Visiting Insects
of White Vervain

Verbena urticifolia (White Vervain)
(Bees usually suck nectar and less often collect pollen, flies usually suck nectar and less often feed on pollen, the beetle sucks nectar or feeds on pollen, other insects suck nectar. Observations are from Robertson, Krombein et al., Graenicher, Williams, and Wilhelm & Rericha as indicated below.)

Bees (long-tongued)
Apidae (Apini): Apis mellifera sn (Rb); Apidae (Bombini): Bombus impatiens sn (Rb), Bombus pensylvanicus sn (Rb); Anthophoridae (Ceratinini): Ceratina calcarata (WR), Ceratina dupla dupla sn cp (Rb, WR), Ceratina mikmaqi (WR), Ceratina strenua (WR); Anthophoridae (Epeolini): Epeolus bifasciatus sn (Rb), Triepeolus cressonii cressonii sn (Rb), Triepeolus lunatus concolor sn (Rb); Anthophoridae (Eucerini): Melissodes bimaculata bimaculata sn (Rb); Anthophoridae (Nomadini): Nomada texana sn (Rb); Megachilidae (Coelioxini): Coelioxys modesta sn (WR), Coelioxys sayi sn fq (Rb); Megachilidae (Megachilini): Megachile brevis brevis sn (Rb), Megachile mendica sn (Rb); Megachilidae (Osmiini): Osmia atriventris (WR); Megachilidae (Trypetini): Heriades carinata cp (WR), Heriades leavitti sn cp (Rb, WR)

Bees (short-tongued)
Halictidae (Halictinae): Agapostemon sericeus sn fq (Rb), Augochlora pura pura sn (Rb, WR), Augochlorella aurata sn fq (Rb), Augochlorella striata sn fq (Rb), Augochloropsis metallica fulgida (WR), Augochloropsis metallica metallica sn (Rb), Halictus confusus sn fq (Rb, WR), Halictus ligatus sn fq (Rb, WR), Halictus rubicundus sn fq (Rb, WR), Lasioglossum admirandum (WR), Lasioglossum imitatum (WR), Lasioglossum nelumbonis sn (Rb), Lasioglossum paradmirandum (WR), Lasioglossum pectorale sn (Rb), Lasioglossum pilosum pilosum sn (Rb), Lasioglossum versatum sn (Rb); Colletidae (Colletinae): Colletes nudus (Kr); Colletidae (Hylaeinae): Hylaeus illinoisensis (WR); Andrenidae (Panurginae): Calliopsis andreniformis sn cp fq (Rb, Kr), Calliopsis nebraskensis cp olg (Kr), Calliopsis verbenae sn cp fq icp olg (Rb)

Wasps
Sphecidae (Sphecinae): Ammophila kennedyi sn (Rb), Eremnophila aureonotata sn icp (Rb, WR); Tiphiidae: Myzinum quinquecinctum sn (Rb); Scoliidae: Scolia bicincta sn (Rb); Vespidae (Eumeninae): Euodynerus foraminatus sn (WR)

Flies
Syrphidae: Pseudodoros clavatus (Rb, Gr), Sphaerophoria contiqua (Rb), Syritta pipiens fq (Rb, WR), Toxomerus geminatus (Rb, WR), Toxomerus marginatus (WR); Empididae: Empis clausa sn (Rb); Bombyliidae: Chrysanthrax cypris (Rb), Exoprosopa fascipennis (Rb), Lepidophora lepidocera (WR), Systropus macer (Rb), Toxophora amphitea (Rb); Conopidae: Stylogaster neglecta sn (Rb), Thecophora occidensis sn (Rb), Zodion obliquefasicatum sn (Rb); Tachinidae: Archytas analis sn (Rb), Clausicella geniculata sn fq (Rb), Copecrypta ruficauda sn fq (Rb), Gymnoclytia occidua sn (Rb), Phasia purpurascens sn (Rb), Spallanzania hesperidarum sn (Rb); Calliphoridae: Cochliomyia macellaria

Butterflies
Nymphalidae: Phyciodes tharos sn (Rb); Lycaenidae: Everes comyntas sn fq (Rb), Strymon melinus sn (Rb); Pieridae: Eurema lisa sn (Rb), Pieris rapae sn (Rb), Pontia protodice sn (Rb)

Beetles
Cantharidae: Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (Wms)

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