Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Abies spp. (Fir) [Pinaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al.)
Birds
Fringillidae: Loxia curvirostra (Red Crossbill) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the USA] MZN1951, Loxia leucoptera (White-winged Crossbill) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during fall] MZN1951; Picidae: Sphyrapicus varius (Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [drills holes in wood & sucks sap in the East] MZN1951
Mammals
Cervidae: Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [foliage & twigs comprise 10-25% of the diet in Wisconsin & Minnesota during winter & spring] MZN1951; Cricetidae: Peromyscus leucopus (White-footed Mouse) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA] MZN1951; Erethizontidae: Erethizon dorsatum (North American Porcupine) [these trees comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Sciuridae: Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (American Red Squirrel) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in E USA during winter] MZN1951