Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
____________
Carpinus caroliniana (Musclewood) [Corylaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al., Bennetts, DeGraaf, and Gabbe et al.; this small tree is also called American Hornbeam and Blue Beech)
Birds
Anatidae: Aix sponsa (Wood Duck) [feeds on nutlets] DGr2002, Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) [feeds on nutlets] DGr2002; Cardinalidae: Cardinalis cardinalis (Northern Cardinal) [the nutlets are a preferred source of food] DGr2002, Piranga olivacea (Scarlet Tanager) [this bird has an average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002, Piranga rubra (Summer Tanager) [this bird has a below-average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002; Cuculidae: Coccyzus americanus (Yellow-billed Cuckoo) [this bird has a below-average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002; Fringillidae: Coccothraustes vespertinus (Evening Grosbeak) [the nutlets are a preferred source of food] DGr2002, Spinus tristis (American Goldfinch) [the nutlets are a preferred source of food] DGr2002; Odontophoridae: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite Quail) [feeds on nutlets & catkins & buds] DGr2002; Paridae: Baeolophus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) [this bird has a below-average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002, Poecile carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee) [this bird has a below-average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002; Parulidae: Protonotaria citrea (Prothonotary Warbler) [this bird has an average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002, Setophaga americana (Northern Parula) [this bird has a below-average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002, Setophaga cerulea (Cerulean Warbler) [this bird has a below-average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002, Setophaga coronata (Yellow-rumped Warbler) [nutlets comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in eastern USA, feeds on nutlets] MZN1951 DGr2002, Setophaga dominica (Yellow-throated Warbler) [this bird has a below-average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002; Phasianidae: Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) [nutlets & catkins & buds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Northeast during winter, feeds on buds in Wisconsin & Ontario during fall & winter, nutlets & catkins & buds are preferred sources of food] MZN1951 Bnn1900 DGr2002, Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) [feeds on nutlets] DGr2002, Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked Pheasant) [feeds on nutlets & catkins & buds] DGr2002; Polioptilidae: Polioptila caerulea (Blue-gray Gnatcatcher) [this bird has a below-average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002; Scolopacidae: Scolopax minor (American Woodcock) [this small tree provides protective cover] DGr2002; Tyrannidae: Empidonax virescens (Acadian Flycatcher) [this bird has an average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002; Vireonidae: Vireo flavifrons (Yellow-throated Warbler) [this bird has an average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002, Vireo olivacea (Red-eyed Vireo) [this bird has a below-average preference for foraging for insects on this tree in southern Illinois] GRB2002
Mammals
Cervidae: Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [twigs comprise 2-5% of the diet in New York during winter] MZN1951; Sciurdidae: Sciurus carolinensis (Eastern Gray Squirrel) [nutlets comprise 2-5% of the diet in E USA during fall] MZN1951