Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Dryopteris spp. (Wood Fern) [Dryopteridaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al.)
Birds
Phasianidae: Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) [fronds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Maine] MZN1951
Mammals
Cervidae: Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [fronds comprise 2-5% of the diet in Pennsylvania during winter] MZN1951