Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian Olive) [Elaeagnaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al., DeGraaf, and Homan et al.
Birds
Anatidae: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002; Columbidae: Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove) [feeds on fruits and uses this small tree for cover & nesting habitat] DGr2002; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla cedrorum (Cedar Waxwing) [the fruits are a preferred source of food] DGr2002; Cardinalidae: Cardinalis cardinalis (Northern Cardinal) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002; Corvidae: Corvus brachyrhynchos (American Crow) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002; Emberizidae: Junco hyemalis (Dark-eyed Junco) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002, Melospiza melodia (Song Sparrow) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Eastern Towhee) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002, Zonotrichia leucophrys (White-crowned Sparrow) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002; Fringillidae: Coccothraustes vespertinus (Evening Grosbeak) [the fruits are a preferred source of food] DGr2002, Haemorhous mexicanus (House Finch) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002, Spinus pinus (Pine Siskin) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002; Icteridae: Quiscalus quiscula (Common Grackle) [feeds on fruits, this small tree was used for nest sites 0.6% of the time in North Dakota & it has below-average preference for this purpose] DGr2002 Hmn1996; Mimidae: Dumetella carolinensis (Gray Catbird) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002, Mimus polyglottos (Northern Mockingbird) [feeds on fruits and uses this small tree for cover & nesting habitat] DGr2002, Toxostoma rufum (Brown Thrasher) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002; Passeridae: Passer domesticus (House Sparrow) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002; Phasianidae: Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002, Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite Quail) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002, Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002, Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked Pheasant) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002; Picidae: Colaptes auratus (Northern Flicker) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002; Sturnidae: Sturnus vulgaris (European Starling) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002; Turdidae: Sialia sialis (Eastern Bluebird) [feeds on fruits] DGr2002, Turdus migratorius (American Robin) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in Eastern Prairies during summer, fruits are a preferred source of food] MZN1951 DGr2002