Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Euphorbia spp. (Spurge) [Euphorbiaceae]
(observations are from Lewis, Swartz, and Martin et al.; these observations may include some Chamaesyce spp., or Spreading Spurge species)
Birds
Alaudidae: Eremophila alpestris (Horned Lark) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in eastern USA] MZN1951; Columbidae: Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove) [seeds of minor importance as a source of food, seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Northeast, seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in Prairies during summer & fall & spring] Lws1993 MZN1951; Emberizidae: Spizella passerina (Chipping Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA] MZN1951; Phasianidae: Tympanuchus cupido (Greater Prairie Chicken) [seeds eaten during fall for 1 month] Swz1945