Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Fraxinus spp. (Ash) [Oleaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al., Whitaker, and DeGraaf)
Birds
Anatidae: Aix sponsa (Wood Duck) [the seeds/samaras comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Northeast, the seeds are a preferred source of food] MZN1951 DGr2002; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla cedrorum (Cedar Waxwing) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Cardinalidae: Cardinalis cardinalis (Northern Cardinal) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, the seeds are a preferred source of food] MZN1951 DGr2002; Columbidae: Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove) [uses these trees for protective cover & nesting habitat] DGr2002; Fringillidae: Coccothraustes vespertinus vespertina (Evening Grosbeak) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, the seeds are a preferred source of food] MZN1951 DGr2002, Haemorhous purpureus (Purple Finch) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in E USA during winter, the seeds are a preferred source of food] MZN1951 DGr2002, Pinicola enucleator (Pine Grosbeak) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during winter, feeds on seeds] MZN1951 DGr2002; Icteridae: Agelaius phoeniceus (Red-winged Blackbird) [the seeds are a preferred source of food] DGr2002, Euphagus carolinus (Rusty Blackbird) [feeds on seeds] DGr2002; Odontophoridae: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite Quail) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in the Northeast during fall & winter, seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE Prairies, the seeds are a preferred source of food] MZN1951 DGr2002; Phasianidae: Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Allegheny Mountains & Virginia, feeds on the seeds] MZN1951 DGr2002; Picidae: Sphyrapicus varius (Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [drills holes in wood & sucks sap in the East, feeds on sap] MZN1951 DGr2002
Mammals
Castoridae: Castor canadensis (American Beaver) [wood & bark of these trees comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Cervidae: Alces americanus (American Moose) [foliage & twigs comprises 0.5-2% of the diet in Isle Royale of Michigan] MZN1951, Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [twigs comprise 2-5% of the diet in New York during winter] MZN1951; Cricetidae: Peromyscus leucopus (White-footed Mouse) [seeds comprise 5.1% of the diet by volume] Wh1966; Erethizontidae: Erethizon dorsatum (North American Porcupine) [these trees comprise 0.5-5% of the diet in NE USA & Vermont during winter] MZN1951; Sciuridae: Sciurus niger (Fox Squirrel) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in Michigan during summer & fall] MZN1951