Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Hieracium spp. (Hawkweed) [Asteraceae]
(observations are from Martin et al., Romain et al., and Buech)
Birds
Parulidae: Setophaga kirtlandii (Kirtland's Warbler) [these plants provided protective cover & they were located within 1 meter of the nest sites 10% of the time in Michigan] Bch1980; Phasianidae: Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) [leaves & seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Maine] MZN1951
Mammals
Ursidae: Ursus americanus (American Black Bear) [foliage & flowers & seeds found in scats 22% of the time in Ontario] ROA2013