Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Juniperus virginiana (Eastern Red Cedar) [Cupressaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al., Schorger, Sotala & Kirkpatrick, Belthoff & Ritchison, DeVore et al., Myers et al., and Beal)
Birds
Bombycillidae: Bombycilla cedrorum (Cedar Waxwing) [fruits comprise 25-50% of the diet in NE USA during fall, winter, & spring, feeds on the fruits] MZN1951 Dv2004; Columbidae: Ectopistes migratorius (Passenger Pigeon) [fruits rarely used as food] Sch1955; Emberizidae: Passerella iliaca (Fox Sparrow) [feeds on the fruits] Dv2004, Zonotrichia albicollis (White-throated Sparrow) [feeds on the fruits] Dv2004; Fringillidae: Haemorhous purpureus (Purple Finch) [fruits comprise 5-10% of the diet in E USA during fall] MZN1951, Loxia leucoptera (White-winged Crossbill) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, feeds on the seeds] MZN1951 Dv2004, Pinicola enucleator (Pine Grosbeak) [fruits comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA during winter] MZN1951; Hirundinidae: Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in inland areas of eastern USA during summer & fall] MZN1951; Mimidae: Mimus polyglottos (Northern Mockingbird) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in SE USA during fall, winter, & spring] MZN1951, Toxostoma rufum (Brown Thrasher) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Parulidae: Setophaga coronata (Yellow-rumped Warbler) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in eastern USA during winter] MZN1951; Picidae: Colaptes auratus (Northern Flicker) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the East & Eastern Prairies] MZN1951, Sphyrapicus varius (Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [drills holes in wood & sucks sap in the East, fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in the East during fall & winter] MZN1951; Strigidae: Megascops asio (Eastern Screech Owl) [this tree provided 20.8% of the roost sites for young owls in Kentucky & it was preferred far above-average for this purpose] BR1990; Sturnidae: Sturnus vulgaris (European Starling) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Turdidae: Catharus guttatus (Hermit Thrush) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA, 0.4% of bird stomachs contained fruits from this tree] MZN1951 Be1915b, Sialia sialis (Eastern Bluebird) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during fall & winter, the fruits are eaten frequently] MZN1951 Be1915, Turdus migratorius (American Robin) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during fall & winter & spring, the fruits are eaten frequently] MZN1951 Be1915
Mammals
Castoridae: Castor canadensis (American Beaver) [the wood & bark of this tree are a source of food in Missouri] MZN1951; Cervidae: Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [leaves & twigs have minor importance as a food source during winter, leaves & twigs comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Missouri, 1% of deer droppings contained viable seeds of this tree in New York] SK1973 MZN1951 Myr2004