Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Malus pumila (Apple) [Rosaceae]
(observations are from Haugen, Beal, and cited in Schneider et al.)
Birds
Turdidae: Turdus migratorius (American Robin) [the fruits are fed upon rarely] Be1915
Mammals
Cervidae: Cervus canadensis (Elk) [feeds on the leaves & twigs in Virginia] SMA2006; Leporidae: Sylvilagus floridanus (Eastern Cottontail) [the saplings of the cultivated apple are occasionally used as a source of food in Michigan during winter] Hgn1942