Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
____________
Panicum spp. (Panic Grass) [Poaceae]
(observations are from Whitaker & Mumford, Lewis, Schwartz, Martin et al., Houtcooper, Whitaker, Bellrose, Meanley, DeVore et al., and Beal; this may refer to Dichanthelium spp. as well)
Birds
Alaudidae: Eremophila alpestris (Horned Lark) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in eastern USA] MZN1951; Anatidae: Anas acuta (Northern Pintail) [feeds on seeds of wetland species] Blr1942, Anas strepera (Gadwall) [these grasses comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Southeast during winter] MZN1951; Calcaridae: Calcarius lapponicus (Lapland Longspur) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA & Northern Prairies during winter & spring] MZN1951, Calcarius pictus (Smith's Longspur) [seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in Illinois during spring] MZN1951, Plectrophenax nivalis (Snow Bunting) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Cardinalidae: Cardinalis cardinalis (Northern Cardinal) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in SE USA during winter] MZN1951, Passerina caerulea (Blue Grosbeak) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in E USA during summer] MZN1951, Spiza americana (Dickcissel) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Prairie region] MZN1951; Certhiidae: Certhia americana (Brown Creeper) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the USA] MZN1951; Columbidae: Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove) [seeds of minor importance as a source of food, seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Northeast, seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in Prairies during summer] Lws1993 MZN1951; Emberizidae: Ammodramus henslowii (Henslow's Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951, Ammodramus savannarum (Grasshopper Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951, Chondestes grammacus (Lark Sparrow) [seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in the Prairie region during summer & fall & winter] MZN1951, Junco hyemalis (Dark-eyed Junco) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA & the Prairie region during fall & winter & spring] MZN1951, Melospiza georgiana (Swamp Sparrow) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA during summer & fall & winter] MZN1951, Melospiza lincolnii (Lincoln Sparrow) [seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in NE USA & Eastern Prairies during spring & fall] MZN1951, Melospiza melodia (Song Sparrow) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA throughout the year] MZN1951, Passerculus sandwichensis (Savannah Sparrow) [seeds comprise 5-25% of the diet in NE USA & Southern Prairies during fall & winter & spring] MZN1951, Pooecetes gramineus (Vesper Sparrow) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in E USA throughout the year] MZN1951, Spizella pallida (Clay-colored Sparrow) [seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in Eastern Prairies during spring] MZN1951, Spizella passerina (Chipping Sparrow) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in E USA throughout the year] MZN1951, Spizella pusilla (Field Sparrow) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA & the Prairie region throughout the year] MZN1951, Spizelloides arborea (American Tree Sparrow) [seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in NE USA during fall & winter & spring, seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in Eastern Prairies during winter & spring] MZN1951, Zonotrichia albicollis (White-throated Sparrow) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during fall & winter & spring] MZN1951, Zonotrichia leucophrys (White-crowned Sparrow) [seeds comprise 2-10% of the diet in NE USA & Eastern Prairies during fall & winter] MZN1951, Zonotrichia querula (Harris Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Eastern Prairies] MZN1951; Icteridae: Agelaius phoeniceus (Red-winged Blackbird) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in the Prairie region during winter] MZN1951, Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Bobolink) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in SE USA during fall & spring, feeds on the seeds] MZN1951 Dv2004, Molothrus ater (Brown-headed Cowbird) [seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in SE USA during summer & fall & winter] MZN1951; Motacillidae: Anthus rubescens (American Pipit) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during winter] MZN1951; Parulidae: Setophaga pinus (Pine Warbler) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in eastern USA] MZN1951; Phasianidae: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite Quail) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Northeast, seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE Prairies during fall & winter] MZN1951, Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) [seeds comprise 0.5-10% of the diet in Virginia & Missouri during summer & fall, seeds have minor importance in the diet in Arkansas during summer & fall] MZN1951 Mn1956, Tympanuchus cupido (Greater Prairie Chicken) [seeds eaten during summer & fall for 2 months] Swz1945; Rallidae: Porzana carolina (Sora) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Northeast] MZN1951; Scolopacidae: Calidris melanotos (Pectoral Sandpiper) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the United States] MZN1951, Scolopax minor (American Woodcock) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the East] MZN1951; Turdidae: Sialia sialis (Eastern Bluebird) [the seeds are eaten rarely] Be1915, Turdus migratorius (American Robin) [the seeds are eaten rarely] Be1915
Mammals
Cricetidae: Ondatra zibethicus (Muskrat) [these grasses comprise 2-5% of the diet in Maryland] MZN1951, Peromyscus maniculatus (Deer Mouse) [small amounts of seeds are consumed] Ht1978; Dipodidae: Zapus hudsonius (Meadow Jumping Mouse) [seeds of these grasses comprise 0.8% of the diet volume] WM1970; Leporidae: Sylvilagus floridanus (Eastern Cottontail) [foliage comprises 2-5% of the diet in Connecticut throughout the year] MZN1951; Muridae: Mus musculus (House Mouse) [seeds comprise 3.7% of the diet by volume] Wh1966