Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Penstemon digitalis (Foxglove Penstemon) [Scrophulariaceae]
(observations are from Lindroth & Batzli, Cole & Batzli, and Myers et al.)
Mammals
Cervidae: Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [2% of deer droppings contained viable seeds of this plant in New York] Myr2004; Cricetidae: Microtous ochrogaster (Prairie Vole) [feeds on seeds and/or foliage] CB1979, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Meadow Vole) [shoots of this plant comprise 15% of the diet, this plant has average preference as a food source] LB1984