Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
____________
Picea pungens (Colorado Blue Spruce) [Pinaceae]
(this observation is from Homan et al.)
Birds
Icteridae: Quiscalus quiscula (Common Grackle) [this tree was used 15.5% of the time as a nest site in North Dakota and it had far above-average preference for this purpose] Hmn1996