Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
____________
Salix spp. (Willow) [Salicaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al., Ernst et al., Hamerstrom & Blake, Lagler, Romain et al., Bennetts, DeGraaf, Homan et al., Jackson, and DeVore et al.)
Birds
Anatidae: Aix sponsa (Wood Duck) [feeds on the catkins & uses willows for protective cover] DGr2002, Anas acuta (Northern Pintail) [feeds on the catkins] Dv2004, Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) [feeds on the catkins & uses willows for protective cover, feeds on the catkins] DGr2002 Dv2004; Emberizidae: Zonotrichia leucophrys (White-crowned Sparrow) [feeds on the catkins] Dv2004; Fringillidae: Acanthis flammea (Common Redpoll) [feeds on the buds] DGr2002, Coccothraustes vespertinus (Evening Grosbeak) [feeds on the buds] DGr2002, Pinicola enucleator (Pine Grosbeak) [feeds on the buds as a preferred source of food] DGr2002, Spinus tristis (American Goldfinch) [uses willows for protective cover] DGr2002; Icteridae: Quiscalus quiscula (Common Grackle) [these shrubs & trees were used 4.8% of the time as nest sites in North Dakota and they had below-average preference for this purpose] Hmn1996; Phasianidae: Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) [buds & leaves comprise 2-10% of the diet in the NE USA & Maine during winter & spring, feeds on buds in Wisconsin & Ontario during fall & winter, buds & twigs are a preferred source of food & willows are used for protective cover] MZN1951 Bnn1900 DGr2002; Picidae: Melanerpes carolinus (Red-bellied Woodpecker) [large willow trees were selected 17.1% of the time for nest sites in cavities in Kansas] Jck1976, Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Red-headed Woodpecker) [large willow trees were selected 10% of the time for nest sites in cavities in Kansas] Jck1976
Mammals
Castoridae: Castor canadensis (American Beaver) [wood & bark of these trees comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA, the wood & bark of these trees are a food source in Missouri] MZN1951; Cervidae: Alces americanus (American Moose) [foliage & twigs comprise 10-25% of the diet from Maine to Michigan during the summer & winter, foliage & twigs comprise 5-10% of the diet in Isle Royale of Michigan] MZN1951, Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [twigs comprise 2-5% of the diet in New York during winter, twigs & foliage comprise 2-10% of the diet in Pennsylvania & Wisconsin & Minnesota during winter & spring] MZN1951; Cricetidae: Microtus ochrogaster (Prairie Vole) [feeds on the foliage & catkins] MZN1951, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Meadow Vole) [feeds on the foliage & catkins] MZN1951, Ondatra zibethicus (Muskrat) [the bark has minor value as a food source, these trees or shrubs comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] HB1939 MZN1951; Leporidae: Sylvilagus floridanus (Eastern Cottontail) [bark comprises 0.5-2% of the diet in Connecticut & Michigan & Iowa during winter] MZN1951; Sciuridae: Sciurus niger (Fox Squirrel) [buds & flowers comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Ohio & Michigan] MZN1951; Ursidae: Ursus americanus (American Black Bear) [buds & leaves & catkins found in scats 17% of the time in Ontario] ROA2013
Turtles
Chelydridae: Chelydra serpentina (Snapping Turtle) [feeds on leaves] Lg1943; Emydidae: Glyptemys insculpta (Wood Turtle) [feeds on leaves] EBL1994 Lg1943