Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Smilax spp. (Greenbrier) [Smilacaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al., Sotala & Kirkpatrick, Haugen, Bennetts, Hooper & Hamel, Yeatter, DeVore et al., and Beal; some species in this genus are referred to as Carrion Flower)
Birds
Bombycillidae: Bombycilla cedrorum (Cedar Waxwing) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Cardinalidae: Cardinalis cardinalis (Northern Cardinal) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Corvidae: Corvus brachyrhynchos (American Crow) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in eastern USA] MZN1951; Emberizidae: Passerella iliaca (Fox Sparrow) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA] MZN1951, Zonotrichia albicollis (White-throated Sparrow) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Mimidae: Dumetella carolinensis (Catbird) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during spring & summer] MZN1951, Mimus polyglottos (Northern Mockingbird) [fruits comprise 5-10% of the diet in SE USA during fall, winter, & spring] MZN1951, Toxostoma rufum (Brown Thrasher) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Parulidae: Vermivora bachmanii (Bachman's Warbler) [these woody vines often provided support and/or concealment for the nests of this possibly extinct bird] HH1977; Phasianidae: Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) [fruits & leaves comprise 2-5% of the diet in the Northeast during winter, fruits & leaves comprise 10-25% of the diet in the Virgnia Alleghenies & Ohio during winter, feeds on fruits in Ontario & Wisconsin during fall & winter] MZN1951 Bnn1900, Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) [fruits & leaves comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Allegheny Mountains, fruits & leaves comprise 2-5% of the diet in Virginia during winter] MZN1951, Tympanuchus cupido (Greater Prairie Chicken) [fruits, buds, & leaves comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Northern Plains, fruits and/or leaves comprise 3.6% of the diet in Wisconsin] MZN1951 Yt1943; Picidae: Colaptes auratus (Northern Flicker) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the East & Eastern Prairies] MZN1951, Dryocopus pileatus (Pileated Woodpecker) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the East, feeds on the fruits] MZN1951 Dv2004; Turdidae: Catharus fuscescens (Veery) [1.1% of bird stomachs contained fruits from these woody vines] Be1915b, Catharus guttatus (Hermit Thrush) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in E USA during winter & spring, 2.0% of bird stomachs contained fruits from these woody vines] MZN1951 Be1915b, Catharus minimus (Grey-cheeked Thrush) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, 1.8% of bird stomachs contained fruits from these woody vines] MZN1951 Be1915b, Catharus ustulatus (Swainson's Thrush) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in Prairies during spring, 0.25% of bird stomachs contained fruits from these woody vines] MZN1951 Be1915b, Sialia sialis (Eastern Bluebird) [the fruits are eaten rarely] Be1915, Turdus migratorius (American Robin) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA & Eastern Prairies, the fruits are eaten frequently] MZN1951 Be1915
Mammals
Cervidae: Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [the leaves & stems have major importance as a food source, stems comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Missouri, leaves & stems comprise 5-10% of the diet in the North Carolina mountains throughout the year] SK1973 MZN1951; Didelphidae: Didelphis virginiana (Virginia Opossum) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Missouri] MZN1951; Leporidae: Sylvilagus floridanus (Eastern Cottontail) [the woody branches are occasionally used as a source of food in Michigan during winter] Hgn1942; Procyonidae: Procyon lotor (Raccoon) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Sciuridae: Sciurus niger (Fox Squirrel) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Michigan] MZN1951; Ursidae: Ursus americanus (American Black Bear) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in Virginia & West Virginia during winter] MZN1951