Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Sonchus spp. (Sowthistle) [Asteraceae]
(observations are from Martin et al., Bennetts, and Myers et al.)
Birds
Fringillidae: Spinus tristis (American Goldfinch) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA] MZN1951; Phasianidae: Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) [feeds on the leaves in Wisconsin & Ontario during fall & winter] Bnn1900
Mammals
Cervidae: Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [1% of deer droppings contained viable seeds of an unidentified sowthistle in New York] Myr2004