Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Verbena spp. (Vervain) [Verbenaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al.)
Birds
Cardinalidae: Cardinalis cardinalis (Northern Cardinal) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during the winter] MZN1951; Emberizidae: Junco hyemalis (Dark-eyed Junco) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA & the Prairie region] MZN1951, Melospiza georgiana (Swamp Sparrow) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA during fall & winter & spring] MZN1951, Melospiza melodia (Song Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951, Spizella pusilla (Field Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Prairie region] MZN1951, Spizelloides arborea (American Tree Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951, Zonotrichia leucophrys (White-crowned Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951