Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
____________
Viburnum spp. (Viburnum, Arrow-wood) [Caprifoliaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al., DeGraaf, DeVore et al., and Beal)
Birds
Bombycillidae: Bombycilla cedrorum (Cedar Waxwing) [feeds on the fruits as a preferred source of food] DGr2002; Cardinalidae: Cardinalis cardinalis (Northern Cardinal) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, feeds on the fruits] MZN1951 DGr2002, Pheucticus ludovicianus (Rose-breasted Grosbeak) [feeds on the fruits] DGr2002; Emberizidae: Zonotrichia albicollis (White-throated Sparrow) [feeds on the fruits & uses these shrubs for protective cover] DGr2002; Fringillidae: Haemorhous purpureus (Purple Finch) [feeds on the fruits] DGr2002, Pinicola enucleator (Pine Grosbeak) [feeds on the fruits] DGr2002; Mimidae: Dumetella carolinensis (Gray Catbird) [feeds on the fruits] DGr2002, Mimus polyglottos (Northern Mockingbird) [feeds on the fruits] DGr2002, Toxostoma rufum (Brown Thrasher) [feeds on the fruits as a preferred source of food] DGr2002; Odontophoridae: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite Quail) [feeds on the fruits & uses these shrubs for protective cover] DGr2002; Phasianidae: Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in the Virginia Alleghenies during winter, these shrubs comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Maine, feeds on the fruits as a preferred source of food & uses these shrubs for protective cover] MZN1951 DGr2002, Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Pennsylvania, feeds on the fruits & uses these shrubs for protective cover] MZN1951 DGr2002, Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked Pheasant) [feeds on the fruits & uses these shrubs for protective cover] DGr2002, Tympanuchus cupido (Greater Prairie Chicken) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Wisconsin during summer] MZN1951; Picidae: Colaptes auratus (Northern Flicker) [feeds on the fruits] DGr2002, Dryocopus pileatus (Pileated Woodpecker) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the East, feeds on the fruits] MZN1951 DGr2002; Sturnidae: Sturnus vulgaris (European Starling) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, feeds on the fruits] MZN1951 DGr2002; Turdidae: Catharus guttatus (Hermit Thrush) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA, feeds on the fruits & uses these shrubs for protective cover] MZN1951 DGr2002, Catharus minimus (Grey-cheeked Thrush) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, feeds on the fruits & uses these shrubs for protective cover, 0.9% of bird stomachs contained fruits from unidentified viburnum shrubs] MZN1951 DGr2002 Be1915b, Catharus ustulatus (Swainson's Thrush) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, feeds on the fruits & uses these shrubs for protective cover, 0.25% of bird stomachs contained fruits from unidentified viburnum shrubs] MZN1951 DGr2002 Be1915b, Hylocichla mustelina (Wood Thrush) [feeds on the fruits & uses these shrubs for protective cover & nest sites] DGr2002, Sialia sialis (Eastern Bluebird) [feeds on the fruits, the fruits of unidentified viburnums were eaten rarely] DGr2002 Be1915, Turdus migratorius (American Robin) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, feeds on the fruits, the fruits of unidentified viburnums were eaten rarely] MZN1951 DGr2002 Be1915; Tyrannidae: Empidonax traillii (Willow Flycatcher) [uses these shrubs for protective cover & nest sites] DGr2002, Myiarchus crinitus (Great Crested Flycatcher) [fruits comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA, feeds on the fruits] MZN1951 DGr2002; Vireonidae: Vireo solitarius (Blue-headed Vireo) [feeds on the fruits] Dv2004
Mammals
Cervidae: Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [foliage & twigs comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Maine, twigs comprise 2-5% of the diet in New York during winter] MZN1951; Sciuridae: Tamias striatus (Eastern Chipmunk) [fruits comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during fall] MZN1951