Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
____________
Zea mays (Corn) [Poaceae]
(observations are from Snyder, Lewis, Schwartz, Martin et al., Schorger, Ernst et al., Houtcooper, Whitaker, Hofmann, Korschgen, Bellrose, Havera, Anderson, Yeatter, DeVore et al., Beal, and Schneider et al.)
Birds
Alaudidae: Eremophila alpestris (Horned Lark) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in eastern USA during winter, spring, & summer] MZN1951; Anatidae: Aix sponsa (Wood Duck) [feeds on waste grains in Illinois & elsewhere, the seeds comprise 48% of the diet in Illinois] Blr1942 Hv1999 And1959, Anas acuta (Northern Pintail) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Northeast, feeds on waste grains in Illinois & elsewhere, the seeds comprise 16% of the diet in Illinois] MZN1951 Blr1942 Hv1999 And1959, Anas americana (American Wigeon) [feeds on waste grains in Illinois & elsewhere, the seeds comprise 2% of the diet in Illinois] Blr1942 Hv1999 And1959, Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) [the seeds comprise 11% of the diet in Illinois] And1959, Anas crecca carolinensis (Green-winged Teal) [feeds on waste grains, the seeds comprise 2% of the diet in Illinois] Blr1942 And1959, Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet during winter in the Northeast, feeds on waste grains in Illinois & elsewhere, the seeds comprise 47% of the diet in Illinois] MZN1951 Blr1942 Hv1999 And1959, Anas rubripes (Black Duck) [feeds on waste grains, the seeds comprise 7% of the diet in Illinois] Blr1942 And1959, Anas strepera (Gadwall) [feeds on waste grains in Illinois] Hv1999, Aythya americana (Redhead) [feeds on waste grain in Illinois, the seeds comprise 5% of the diet in Illinois] Hv1999 And1959, Aythya collaris (Ring-necked Duck) [feeds on waste grain in Illinois & elsewhere, the seeds comprise 14% of the diet in Illinois] Blr1942 Hv1999 And1959, Branta canadensis (Canada Goose) [feeds on seedlings & waste grain in Illinois & elsewhere] Blr1942 Hv1999; Calcariidae: Calcarius lapponicus (Lapland Longspur) [feeds on the seeds] Dv2004; Cardinalidae: Cardinalis cardinalis (Northern Cardinal) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA & SE USA during summer & fall & winter, feeds on the seeds] MZN1951 Dv2004, Passerina caerulea (Blue Grosbeak) [seeds comprise 25-50% of the diet in the Prairie region during spring & summer] MZN1951, Pheucticus ludovicianus (Rose-breasted Grosbeak) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA & Northern Prairies during spring & summer & fall] MZN1951, Spiza americana (Dickcissel) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Prairie region] MZN1951; Certhiidae: Certhia americana (Brown Creeper) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in the USA during winter] MZN1951; Columbidae: Ectopistes migratorius (Passenger Pigeon) [seeds were an important source of food] Sch1955, Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove) [seeds of major importance as a food source, seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in the Northeast throughout the year, seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in Prairies throughout the year] Lws1993 MZN1951; Corvidae: Corvus brachyrhynchos (American Crow) [seeds comprise 25-50% of the diet in eastern USA throughout the year, seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in the Prairie region throughout the year] MZN1951, Cyanocitta cristata (Blue Jay) [seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in eastern USA throughout the year] MZN1951; Emberizidae: Chondestes grammacus (Lark Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the Prairie region] MZN1951, Junco hyemalis (Dark-eyed Junco) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951, Melospiza lincolnii (Lincoln Sparrow) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA during spring] MZN1951, Melospiza melodia (Song Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951, Passerella iliaca (Fox Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA] MZN1951, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Eastern Towhee) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA throughout the year] MZN1951, Spizelloides arborea (American Tree Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA & Eastern Prairies] MZN1951, Zonotrichia albicollis (White-throated Sparrow) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during winter & spring] MZN1951, Zonotrichia leucophrys (White-crowned Sparrow) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Eastern Prairies] MZN1951, Zonotrichia querula (Harris Sparrow) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in Eastern Prairies during fall & winter & spring] MZN1951; Gruidae: Grus canadensis (Sandhill Crane) [seeds comprise 10-50% of the diet in western United States during fall, winter, & spring] MZN1951; Icteridae: Agelaius phoeniceus (Red-winged Blackbird) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA throughout the year, seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in the Prairie region throughout the year] MZN1951, Euphagus carolinus (Rusty Blackbird) [seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in NE USA & Canada & Prairie region during fall & winter & spring] MZN1951, Icterus galbula (Baltimore Oriole) [soft seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA] MZN1951, Molothrus ater (Brown-headed Cowbird) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA during summer & fall & winter, seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in SE USA during winter] MZN1951, Quiscalus quiscula (Common Grackle) [seeds & young sprouts comprise 25-55% of the diet in NE USA & the Prairie region throughout the year] MZN1951, Sturnella magna (Eastern Meadowlark) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in NE USA during fall & winter & spring, seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in Eastern Prairie region during winter & spring] MZN1951, Sturnella neglecta (Western Meadowlark) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in central & western USA during winter] MZN1951; Mimidae: Toxostoma rufum (Brown Thrasher) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA & Eastern Prairies during spring, summer, & fall] MZN1951; Paridae: Baeolophus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during fall & winter] MZN1951, Poecile atricapillus (Black-capped Chickadee) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of diet in NE USA] MZN1951; Passeridae: Passer domesticus (House Sparrow) [seeds comprise 25-50% of the diet in eastern USA & Prairie region throughout the year] MZN1951; Phasianidae: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite Quail) [seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in the Northeast during fall & winter, seeds comprise 25-50% of the diet in the NE Prairies during fall & winter] MZN1951, Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in Pennsylvania & the Allegheny Mountains during winter, seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in Virginia during winter] MZN1951, Perdix perdix (Hungarian Partridge) [seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in the Northeast during fall, winter, & spring] MZN1951, Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked Pheasant) [seeds comprise 25-50% of the diet in the Northeast throughout the year, seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in New York during winter & spring, feeds on the seeds] MZN1951 Dv2004, Tympanuchus cupido (Greater Prairie Chicken) [seeds are eaten intermittently for 10 months throughout the year, seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in the Northern Plains throughout the year, this plant has above average importance as a source of food in Missouri, seeds comprise 1.6% of the diet for juveniles in Illinois] Swz1945 MZN1951 Krs1962 Yt1943; Picidae: Colaptes auratus (Northern Flicker) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the East & Eastern Prairies] MZN1951, Melanerpes carolinus (Red-bellied Woodpecker) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in the East during fall, winter, & spring] MZN1951, Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Red-headed Woodpecker) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in the East during fall & winter] MZN1951, Picoides pubescens (Downy Woodpecker) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the East & Eastern Prairies, feeds on the seeds] MZN1951 Dv2004, Picoides villosus (Hairy Woodpecker) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in the East & Eastern Prairies] MZN1951; Psittacidae: Conuropsis carolinensis (Carolina Parakeet) [seeds of major importance as a source of food] Snd2004, Myiopsitta monachus (Monk Parakeet) [feeds on the seeds] Dv2004; Sittidae: Sitta canadensis (Red-breasted Nuthatch) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA] MZN1951, Sitta carolinensis (White-breasted Nuthatch) [seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in E USA and eastern Prairies during winter & spring] MZN1951; Sturnidae: Sturnus vulgaris (European Starling) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, feeds on the seeds] MZN1951 Dv2004; Turdidae: Turdus migratorius (American Robin) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA & Eastern Prairies, the seeds are eaten occasionally] MZN1951 Be1915
Mammals
Canidae: Urocyon cineroargenteus (Gray Fox) [immature seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA & SE USA] MZN1951, Vulpes vulpes fulvus (American Red Fox) [immature seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA & Massachusetts] MZN1951; Castoridae: Castor canadensis (American Beaver) [this plant is a source of food in Missouri] MZN1951; Cervidae: Cervus canadensis (Elk) [feeds on this plant in Virginia] SMA2006, Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in Missouri & the North Carolina mountains during summer & fall & winter] MZN1951; Cricetidae: Microtus ochrogaster (Prairie Vole) [feeds on this plant] MZN1951, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Meadow Vole) [feeds on this plant] MZN1951, Microtus pinetorum (Woodland Vole) [feeds on this plant] MZN1951, Ondatra zibethicus (Muskrat) [this plant comprises 0.5-5% of the diet in NE USA & Iowa] MZN1951, Peromyscus leucopus (White-footed Mouse) [seeds comprise 1.6% of the diet by volume, seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in E USA during fall] Wh1966 MZN1951, Peromyscus maniculatus (Deer Mouse) [large amounts of seeds are consumed, seeds comprise 5.6% of the diet by volume] Ht1978 Wh1966; Didelphidae: Didelphis virginiana (Virginia Opossum) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in NE USA, seeds comprise 5-10% of the diet in Missouri during winter] MZN1951; Geomyidae: Geomys bursarius (Plains Pocket Gopher) [feeds on the seeds & other parts of this plant] MZN1951; Leporidae: Sylvilagus floridanus (Eastern Cottontail) [seedlings comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in Ohio] MZN1951; Muridae: Mus musculus (House Mouse) [large amounts of seeds are consumed, seeds comprise 13.0% of the diet by volume] Ht1978 Wh1966; Procyonidae: Procyon lotor (Raccoon) [seeds comprise 25-50% of the diet in NE USA & Iowa during fall & winter] MZN1951; Sciuridae: Poliocitellus franklinii (Franklin's Ground Squirrel) [young plants in fields are eaten in Illinois] Hof1998, Sciurus niger (Fox Squirrel) [immature seeds comprise 10-25% of the diet in NE USA & Ohio & Michigan throughout the year] MZN1951, Tamias striatus (Eastern Chipmunk) [immature seeds comprise 2-5% of the diet in NE USA during summer & fall] MZN1951
Turtles
Emydidae: Chrysemys picta (Painted Turtle) [probably feeds on seeds] EBL1994; Trionychidae: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell) [probably feeds on seeds] EBL1994